刮(gua)研(yan)鏟(chan)刮(gua)是(shi)利用刮(gua)刀、基準表面(mian)、測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)具和顯(xian)示劑,以手工(gong)(gong)操作的(de)(de)方式(shi),邊(bian)(bian)研(yan)點邊(bian)(bian)測(ce)量(liang),邊(bian)(bian)刮(gua)研(yan)鏟(chan)刮(gua)加工(gong)(gong),使工(gong)(gong)件達到工(gong)(gong)藝上(shang)規(gui)定的(de)(de)尺寸、幾何形狀、表面(mian)粗糙(cao)度(du)和密合性等要求(qiu)的(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)精(jing)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)序。由于使用的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具簡單,通用性比較強(qiang),加工(gong)(gong)余量(liang)少,而達到的(de)(de)精(jing)度(du)非常高,因此廣泛地應用在機器(qi)和工(gong)(gong)具的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)及機械設備的(de)(de)修理工(gong)(gong)作中。通常機床的(de)(de)導軌、拖(tuo)板,滑動軸(zhou)承(cheng)的(de)(de)軸(zhou)瓦都是(shi)用刮(gua)研(yan)鏟(chan)刮(gua)的(de)(de)方法作精(jing)加工(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)。
人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)刮研(yan)鏟(chan)刮是(shi)(shi)平(ping)面修復加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)方法之一(yi),其目的(de)是(shi)(shi)為了降(jiang)低表面的(de)粗糙度值,提高(gao)(gao)接觸精(jing)度和(he)幾(ji)何(he)精(jing)度,從(cong)而提高(gao)(gao)機(ji)床(chuang)及平(ping)面度整體的(de)配合剛度、潤滑性(xing)能、機(ji)械效益和(he)使用壽命;如果僅用平(ping)面磨床(chuang)和(he)導軌磨床(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)難以達(da)到最(zui)佳效果的(de)。人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)刮研(yan)鏟(chan)刮更是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)檔機(ji)床(chuang)設備和(he)鑄鐵平(ping)板、精(jing)密工(gong)(gong)量具所必需的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝。
刮研鏟刮的特點:
1.消除(chu)零件機(ji)械加工中(zhong)殘留(liu)的刀痕,表面細(xi)微的不(bu)平,提高工件的形狀精度(du)和配合精度(du),可以把機(ji)床導軌有(you)意地刮成中(zhong)凹(ao)或中(zhong)凸(tu)等各種特(te)殊要(yao)求。
2.刮研鏟刮是用于手工操作,不受(shou)任何工件(jian)位置(zhi)的限制,也不受(shou)工件(jian)大小的約束。通俗說:“螞蟻啃骨(gu)頭。”
3.刮研(yan)鏟刮過程中(zhong)產生(sheng)的熱量(liang)極低,不(bu)會引起工件的受(shou)力和(he)受(shou)熱變形,因此能作(zuo)精密加工。
4.在(zai)裝配中可以(yi)用(yong)刮研鏟刮來修(xiu)整封閉尺寸鏈的精度。
5.刮研(yan)鏟刮的表(biao)面接觸點(dian)分布(bu)均(jun)勻(yun),接觸剛性比(bi)較好,磨損也比(bi)較少。
6.提(ti)高工件(jian)(jian)表面質量,從而提(ti)供(gong)工件(jian)(jian)的耐磨性(xing),延長使用壽命。
7.刮(gua)(gua)削(xue)(xue)時,刮(gua)(gua)刀對工(gong)(gong)件(jian)既有(you)切(qie)削(xue)(xue)作用(yong),又有(you)擠壓作用(yong),因此經(jing)過刮(gua)(gua)削(xue)(xue)后的工(gong)(gong)件(jian)表面組織比原來致密,硬度提高。
8.工件經過刮削,可增加美觀,改(gai)善(shan)潤滑性(xing)能減少摩擦阻力,還可根據花(hua)紋的(de)消(xiao)失判定機(ji)件的(de)磨損程度。
9.加(jia)工余量較一般機械加(jia)工少。
粗(cu)刮(gua)(gua)(gua):若工(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)比較(jiao)粗(cu)糙、加工(gong)痕(hen)跡較(jiao)深或表(biao)面(mian)嚴(yan)重生銹、不(bu)平或扭(niu)曲(qu)、刮(gua)(gua)(gua)削余量在(zai)0.005mm以(yi)上時(shi),應先粗(cu)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)。粗(cu)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)特(te)點是采用長刮(gua)(gua)(gua)刀(dao),行(xing)程較(jiao)長(10mm~15mm之間),刀(dao)痕(hen)較(jiao)寬(10mm),刮(gua)(gua)(gua)刀(dao)痕(hen)跡順向,成片不(bu)重復。機械(xie)加工(gong)的(de)刀(dao)痕(hen)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)除(chu)后,即可研點,并按(an)顯(xian)出的(de)高點刮(gua)(gua)(gua)削。當工(gong)件表(biao)面(mian)研點每25mm×25mm上為(wei)4~6點,表(biao)面(mian)粗(cu)糙度為(wei)(Ra2.5-Ra3.2)時(shi)停止粗(cu)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)。
細(xi)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua):細(xi)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)就(jiu)是將粗刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)后的高點(dian)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)去,其特(te)點(dian)是采用(yong)短刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)法(刀痕寬(kuan)約6-8mm,長(chang)10-12mm),研點(dian)分散快。細(xi)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)時要朝著一定方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)完一遍,刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)第二遍時要成45度(du)或60度(du)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)交叉刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)出(chu)網(wang)紋。當(dang)平(ping)均(jun)研點(dian)每25mm×25mm上為10~14點(dian),平(ping)面度(du)達到0.01mm/500m㎡,表面粗糙度(du)(Ra1.6-Ra3.2)同時應(ying)兼顧形位(wei)差時,即可結(jie)束(shu)細(xi)刮(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)。
精(jing)(jing)刮(gua):在細(xi)刮(gua)的基礎上(shang)進行精(jing)(jing)刮(gua),采用小刮(gua)刀或(huo)帶圓弧的精(jing)(jing)刮(gua)刀,刀痕寬約(5-7mm,或(huo)者更短)平均研點每25mm×25mm上(shang)應為20~25點,平面度(du)達到0.01mm/500m㎡以下,表面粗糙度(du)為Ra0.8-Ra1.6時結束細(xi)刮(gua)。常用于檢驗工(gong)具、精(jing)(jing)密導軌和(he)緊密工(gong)具接(jie)觸(chu)面的刮(gua)削。
刮花(hua)(hua):刮花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)作用一(yi)是美觀,二是有(you)(you)積存潤滑油的(de)(de)(de)功能。一(yi)般(ban)常見的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)紋有(you)(you):斜花(hua)(hua)紋、燕(yan)形花(hua)(hua)紋和魚鱗花(hua)(hua)紋等(deng)。另(ling)外,還可通過觀察原花(hua)(hua)紋的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整和消失的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況來(lai)判(pan)斷平面工作后的(de)(de)(de)磨損程度。
平(ping)面(mian)(mian)刮(gua)研鏟刮(gua)的質量(liang)有兩個(ge)指標(biao)。一個(ge)是幾何形狀,如(ru)垂直度(du)、平(ping)面(mian)(mian)度(du)和(he)厚度(du)尺寸(cun)。另一個(ge)指標(biao)是表面(mian)(mian)質量(liang),表面(mian)(mian)質量(liang)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)研點法,用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準平(ping)板或與其相配合的零(ling)件(jian)對刮(gua)研鏟刮(gua)面(mian)(mian)進行研點。方(fang)法是使用(yong)(yong)(yong)25×25mm方(fang)框,放在被檢(jian)(jian)表面(mian)(mian),檢(jian)(jian)查方(fang)框內的點數。
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